I read this article today, which caught my eye, since we're learning the nitty gritty about mitochondrial function: Agent orange chemical, dioxin, attacks the mitochondria to cause cancer, says Penn research team
Here's a little background on Agent Orange: Agent Orange has been around since the 1940's as an agricultural herbicide and defoliant--in other words, a weed killer. It was used to rid corn and wheat fields of undesirable weeds that would interfere with the growth of the desired crops. The components of Agent Orange are a mixture of two chemicals, 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T--one of which (2, 4, 5-T) had a toxic byproduct, dioxin. The dioxin was a byproduct of the manufacture of 2, 4, 5-T and was present in the herbicides that it was a part of, Agent Orange included.
Later, this chemical was widely used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War to clear the thick growth in the jungles so that the Viet Cong were more visible. Agent Orange was also used to clear cropland, which crippled the food production abilities of the Vietnamese.
The mechanism for Agent Orange's action is this: the chemicals comprising the herbicide mimic a plant hormone known as IAA (auxin), which in normal doses causes growth at shoot tips, causing leaves to grow. In large doses, this growth becomes uncontrollable, causing leaves to grow until they drop off the plant (hence the defoliating action). What was known about Agent Orange at the time was that it was a carcinogen, responsible for causing such cancers as sarcomas and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Since that time, dioxin has been demonstrated as a potential carcinogen in several types of cancer such as lung, prostate, myeloma and leukemia (of 2nd or 3rd generation offspring). Dioxin has also been linked to such diseases as type 2 diabetes and spina bifida.
Now researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have uncovered the mechanism by which dioxin induces cells to become cancerous. The mitochondria are targeted by 2, 4, 5-T and when acted upon by this toxin, signal the nucleus that they are under stress. It is this signal that induces tumorigenesis by switching on tumor-inducing genes in the nuclear DNA.
Now how cool is that? And what does this tell us about the mutualistic relationship between the mitochondria and the nucleus? I think it's pretty cool that the mitochondria can send up a white flag and the nucleus will respond; I just wonder why the tumor genes get switched on in response. Why would the nucleus flip on genes that cause increased cell division when the mitochondria (which are more or less free-living) are under stress?
Posted by scienceguru on December 17, 2007
Tags cancer, discuss, science and society, what do you think?


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